![]() ![]() Thus, we characterized the typical relationships between the baseline activity and the complexity and symmetricity of the pupillometric data in terms of SampEn and TranEn. baseline LC activity this tendency is enhanced by the contralateral synaptic projections from the LCs to the EWNs. Third, according to simulation results, the neural network that controls pupil diameter has an inverted U-shaped profile of complexity and symmetricity vs. ![]() Second, both the complexity and the symmetricity are unimodal, peaking at intermediate pupil diameters. The following results were observed: first, according to surrogate data analysis, the complexity and symmetricity of pupil diameter changes reflect a non-linear deterministic process. We also constructed a neural model embedded with the new findings on neural pathways. In this study, we aimed to validate our hypothesis by analyzing the pupillary hippus in the healthy resting state in terms of sample entropy (SampEn), to capture complexity, and transfer entropy (TranEn), to capture symmetricity. We hypothesized that experimental analysis to reveal relationships among these characteristics and model-based analysis focusing on the newly discovered contralateral projection from the locus coeruleus (LC) to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWN) within the neural system for controlling pupil diameter could contribute to another dimension of understanding of complex pupil dynamics. Recent studies have reported that these behaviors are characterized by baseline activity, temporal complexity, and symmetricity (i.e., degree of symmetry) between the right and left pupil diameters. In addition to photic reflex function, the temporal behavior of the pupil diameter reflects levels of arousal and attention and thus internal cognitive neural activity. 10Department of Psychiatry, Showa University East Hospital, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.9Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.8Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan.7Medical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.6Faculty of Letters, Ryukoku University, Kyoto, Japan.4Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.3Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan. ![]()
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